La reforma del sistema de pensiones europeo parte de diferencias de ingresos relativamente bajas, debidas parcialmente a la alta cobertura del sistema. En América Latina persisten los problemas de informalidad e insuficiente cobertura, y la desigualdad de ingresos es elevada. Aun así, ambas...

The authors analyze the gender implications of pension reform in Kazakhstan, the Kygyz Republic, Latvia, and Moldova. The new systems deliberately penalize early retirement and reward longer careers, so that with no change in behavior or policy, women's pensions will be lower than men's on...