In this paper, we bootstrap data on Canadian pensioners' mortality (spanning 1999-2008) that was recently published by the CIA (2014) in order to study the characteristics of its implied heterogeneity. We find strong support for the gamma frailty model. It is remarkable that our results are...

We solve the optimal asset allocation problem for an insurer or pension fund by using a benchmarking approach. Under this approach the objective is an increasing function of the relative performance of the asset portfolio compared to a benchmark. The benchmark can be, for example, a function of...