In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that China’s rapid economic development has come at a significant environmental cost. Pollution problems are now a source of serious public concern, at times even social unrest. The government has responded with an ambitious reform program that...

This article is a study of the then proposed 1971 U.S.-Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and the long history of developing U.S.- Canadian cooperation that preceded it. The article suggests that this experience: (1) offers guidance for the solution of problems that other programs of...

This chapter deals with the application of economic theories of criminal law to environmental pollution. The chapter starts by addressing why environmental pollution needs to be enforced at all by using the criminal law. Attention is also paid to the question whether in certain circumstances...

This article outlines what sustainable development means when applied to industry, the necessity for sustainable industry, and how sustainable industry can change and is already beginning to change the debate about pollution control. While it is possible for industry to have a positive impact,...

In adaptation literature, relatively little attention is paid to the role of basic environmental law instruments such as environmental quality standards, environmental permits and environmental impact assessments in adaptation law. In this chapter, I have reviewed the three roles these basic...

This book chapter presents the basics of U.S. environmental law on pollution control. It is intended for non-specialists interested in environmental law, and for foreign lawyers curious about how the U.S. uses environmental law to address environmental problems. It addresses the essentials of...

Policymakers and scholars recognize that individuals comprise an important source of environmental harm. Individuals’ decisions and actions — running a washing machine, driving to work, purchasing a pair of blue jeans — impose direct and indirect impacts on the environment that, while...

In the existing literature there is general agreement that the effectiveness and efficiency of command and control instruments versus market-based instruments is highly context specific. A country’s particular regulatory environment and state capacity, as well as the features of given...

Environmental protection and economic concerns are not mutually exclusive. This article, written for a symposium on “Environmental Law 4.0: Adaptive and Resilient,” explores some of the issues of economic analysis that might arise as we approach the fourth generation of environmental law. It...

Environmental justice is a notion coined in the U.S. in an attempt to protect the environments of minorities whose neighbourhoods had been used to store hazardous waste. Attempts have been made to evolve this concept on a global scale to protect the environments of periphery nations around the...