In this paper, the characteristics of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in soil of Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic during the 10th Chinese Arctic (Arctic Ocean) scientific investigation were quantitatively analyzed. The sources and toxicity risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy...

When the production or use of a product imposes a cost on a third party, this is referred to as a negative external cost. Negative external costs of pesticides are associated with social costs. However, there is still a lack of a systematic method for evaluating and internalize negative external...