"This paper examines the impact of short-sale constraints on the magnitude of international diversification benefit for U.S. investors during the period of 1976-1998. The diversification benefit is measured as the increase in expected return when switching from the U.S. equity index portfolio to...

A growing literature suggests that even in the absence of any ability to predict returns, holding options on the benchmarks or trading frequently can generate positive alpha. The ratio of alpha to its tracking error appraises a fund's performance. This paper derives the performance-maximizing...

Ratios that indicate the statistical significance of a fund's alpha typically appraise its performance. A growing literature suggests that even in the absence of any ability to predict returns, holding options positions on the benchmark assets or trading frequently can significantly enhance...