theory suggests that with increasing labor income risk, the reluctance of households to hold stocks increases. We propose to … measure income risk as the observed variation of household income over a five year period. We find that indeed higher income … risk reduces the propensity to invest in stocks. However, when controlling for household heterogeneity as well as …

boom yields consistently positive excess returns. This excess return compensates for the risk of high negative returns in … countries on risk aversion, and low (high) risk aversion currencies depreciate (appreciate) in times of global turmoil. …