Recently, the concept of "blue finance" was introduced to the world. Blue finance envisages that ocean firms issue financial instruments to obtain funds and take necessary measures to make the ocean environment blue. To measure the blueness of a firm, we estimate the blueness index using GHG...

One of the key issues dominating the institutional investing industry is impact investing and the need to reduce carbon emissions (measured in Carbon Dioxide Equivalents or CO2e). Many investors have signed the Net Zero Asset Owner Alliance (NZAOA), which has specific goals and targets to be met...

The paper deals with taxation effects on optimal portfolio rules of de fined contribution (DC) and de fined benefi t (DB) pension funds in a continuous-time setting. Following practice, three tax types are considered: on contributions, investment gains and pensions. We focus on the tax effects...

The aim of the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme is that by 2020, emissions from sectors covered by the EU ETS will be 21% lower than in 2005. In addition to large CO$_2$ emitting companies covered by the scheme, other participants have entered the market with a view to using emission...

As university endowments face pressure to divest stocks of companies contributing the most to climate change, much of the public discussion has focused on the looming math of the environmental impact of a carbon-based economy. As endowments decide whether or not to divest or implement screens,...

This paper analyzes the approaches adopted by institutional investors to manage climate risk in their portfolios and proposes policies to increase climate awareness in this large segment of the capital markets. Because of their size and their role as conduit of savers' climate concerns to the...