Firm level characteristics explain the cross section of investment returns of industry portfolios that include listed and unlisted firms. Moreover, common asset pricing models explain the cross-sectional variation of characteristic-based investment returns which include listed and unlisted...

This paper shows that portfolio constraints have important implications for management compensation and performance evaluation. In particular, in the presence of portfolio constraints, allowing for benchmarking can be bene cial. Benchmark design arises as an alternative effort inducement...

This paper shows that during the 1990s the process of gradual economic and monetary integration, which eventually led to EMU, also resulted in a reduction in the equity cost of capital. A similar reduction was not present in the three EU countries which chose not to enter the Eurozone. There was...

We estimate conditional multifactor models over a large cross-section of stock returns matching 25 CAPM anomalies. Using conditioning information associated with different instruments improves the performance of the Hou, Xue, and Zhang (2015, HXZ) and Fama and French (2015, 2016, FF) models. The...