The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global has an explicit mission to integrate long-term investment return objectives with an ambitious ethical commitment. This approach has drawn praise among Western policymakers. However, we contend that the ethical investment policy of the Norwegian...

This paper focuses upon asset owners, such as pension funds, and their models of investment management, recognizing the choice between insourcing, outsourcing and re-intermediation. Drawing upon the principal-agent problem, the dimensions of the management ‘problem' are identified emphasizing...

Investing in venture capital has been an unsatisfactory experience for many long-term institutional investors, as it has not performed in-line with their expectations for more than a decade. Consequently, many investors have been scaling back their venture commitments and, instead, have been...