Regardless of the distributions of spot and futures returns, the hedge ratio determined by minimizing the portfolio's Aumann and Serrano (2008) index of riskiness is always smaller than the hedge ratio determined by minimizing the portfolio's variance. It is also demonstrated that the Foster and...

This paper analyzes the optimal production and hedging decisions of a competitive firm holding optimism and pessimism under price ambiguity. We show that the separation theorem remains intact as the firm's optimal output level depends neither on the output price distribution nor on the firm's...

There is compelling evidence that typical decision-makers, including individual investors and even professional money managers, care about the difference between their portfolio returns and a reference point, or benchmark return. In the context of financial markets, likely benchmarks against...

Motivated by psychological evidence that self-esteem plays an important role in individual decision-making, this paper studies how self-esteem concerns influence a manager's effort choice and hedging behavior and how a board designs the managerial compensation in response. We show that when the...