Rationally justifying Bitcoin's immense price fluctuations has remained a persistent challenge for both investors and researchers in this field. A primary reason is our potential weakness toward robustly quantifying unquantifiable risks or ambiguity in Bitcoin returns. This paper introduces a...

This paper examines greenwashing practices in environmental funds. We utilize a unique data set of US equity mutual fund holdings between 2012 and 2021 to calculate the funds’ carbon footprints. Using a difference-in-differences analysis, we find that, following their commitments to...

This paper examines greenwashing practice in sustainable funds. We utilize a unique data set of US equity mutual fund holdings between 2011 and 2021 to calculate the sustainable funds' carbon footprint. Using an event study, we find that sustainable fund flows initially respond positively to...