In this paper, we employ stochastic dominance (SD) analysis on household unit records to measure relative welfare levels and investigate sources of inequality in the Philippines from 2000 to 2012. Using SD techniques developed in Chow, Valenzuela, and Wong (2016), we test for richness and...

Education is a cornerstone in promoting the overall welfare of individuals and plays a pivotal role in shaping their lives. As the developing world grapples with the multifaceted challenges of poverty, there is a growing emphasis on evaluating poverty from a multidimensional perspective....

Energy is one of the primary elements in human daily life. It is important, because it is used for cooking, lighting, and other business activities. However, it does not matter that energy poverty is connected to the electrical grid, and this topic remains focused on insufficient energy...