We identify the major factors affecting farm and nonfarm income by using panel data in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. We supplement the panel data with household-level soil fertility data and road distance data to the nearest urban center. The proportion of the loose surface roads, instead of...

Investigating whether female-headed households (FHHs) are particularly disadvantaged requires more systematic means of comparing poverty than are typically found in past studies. In Panama, while FHHs as a whole appear to be better-off on average, such results are somewhat sensitive to...

The main driver of poverty reduction has shifted from agricultural to non-agricultural income growth in rural Philippines in the past two decades. Agricultural growth is still relatively more important (vis-à-vis non-agricultural growth), however, in reducing rural poverty in relatively more...