The effects of heat and electricity saving measures in district-heated buildings can be complex because these depend not only on how energy is used on the demand side but also on how energy is provided from the supply side. In this study, we analyze the effects of heat and electricity saving...

In this study the primary energy use and carbon footprint over the life cycle of a wood-frame apartment building designed either conventionally or to the passive house standard are analyzed. Scenarios where the building is heated with electric resistance heaters, bedrock heat pump or...