An analysis of 6,113 households with four quarters of expenditure data in the 2004-2005 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey found that 43% of households had outlays more than aftertax income, and 25% of households had outlays that were 127% or more of aftertax income. Black and...

Empirical studies have found that most households do not have recommended levels of emergency funds. A three-period model of optimal consumption is presented. The theoretical model suggests that many consumers without recommended levels of liquid assets may be acting rationally. The model is...