This paper sets out the relevance of certification for the enforcement of transnational private regulation. It discusses the function of certification, offers a typology of certification schemes and analyses its relationship with regulatory enforcement. To illustrate these elements, the Chapter...

Two recent decisions of the Chief Justice of the BC Supreme Court, Evans (2016) and Brett (2020), introduced a dangerous new idea into homeless encampment jurisprudence: that the purportedly private character of encampment sites determines both that defendants’ Charter rights are not engaged...

This paper examines the role of ‘private' (non-governmental) regulatory programs in assuring the safety of imported products. Focusing particularly on food safety it argues that private regulatory institutions have great capacity to control safety hazards and to implement dynamic systems for...

Private organizations have recently established numerous programs aimed at improving the environmental performance of industry. Many of the new programs seek to define and enforce standards for environmental management, and to make it difficult for producers not to participate in them. They...