Non-GAAP earnings reporting has been linked with both informative and strategic incentives. We seek to disentangle these conflicting effects by examining the association between non-GAAP earnings disclosure and transitory items in GAAP earnings, conditional on managers' reporting incentives. We...

The paper examines three benchmark earnings concepts: (i) permanent earnings with the cost-of-equity determining the capitalization, (ii) permanent earnings with the risk-free rate determining the capitalization, and (iii) economic earnings (Hicks's concept). The concepts can be measured...