We review the meaning of the concept of framing, approaches to studying framing, and the effects of framing on public opinion. After defining framing and framing effects, we articulate a method for identifying frames in communication and a psychological model for understanding how such frames...

Citizens' preferences form the foundation of democratic governance. When they form their preferences, they typically do so in the presence of different types of competing arguments that reach them at different times. Surprisingly, public opinion research offers little guidance on how competition...