The majority of African countries implemented import liberalisation in the 1990s. This paper explores factors that may explain the pattern of protection and of tariff reform. We consider political economy explanations, motivated specifically by the Grossman and Helpman (1994) model of protection...

The standard measures of effective protection calculate EPRs by reference to an activity's principal product. In many activities by-products which have a positive economic value are important. Revises the standard measures to allow for the incorporation of by-products and uses an example to...