Autocratic regimes can use carrots and/or sticks to prevent being overthrown by protests. Carrots, i.e. resource … allocation, reduce the probability of protests, but cannot help to end them. Sticks, i.e. repression, reduce the probability that … protests overthrow the regime, but also decrease its popularity. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I show that …

externalities under representative and direct democratic institutions. A model with two regions, two public goods and regional …