Every country faces what economists call an intertemporal (across time) budget constraint, which requires that its government's future expenditures, including the servicing of its outstanding official debt, be covered by its government's future receipts when measured in present value. The...

At present, the State Duma is reviewing the draft federal budget in 2018–2020, which is characterized by a conservative forecast of the price of oil, dramatic reduction of the expenditures as a result of new budget rules being applied and a high level of state borrowings. In addition, with the...