Sanction opportunities are often introduced to promote cooperative choice behavior. Experimental studies have repeatedly demonstrated that the use of both rewards and punishments can indeed effectively increase cooperation. However, research has only recently begun to identify the determinants...

In general, our justice system provides two types of reactions when justice is not served: punishing the perpetrator or compensating the victim. The present study focuses on outsiders observing a situation of injustice. We directly compare punishment and compensation behavior by introducing a...