We explore deviations from short-run purchasing power parity across European cities, attempting to move beyond a "first generation" of papers that document very large border effects. We document two very distinct types of border effects embedded in relative prices. The first is a "real barriers...

Failures of the law of one price explain much of the variation in real C.P.I. exchange rates. We use C.P.I. data for U.S. cities and Canadian cities for 14 categories of consumer prices to examine the nature of the deviations from the law of one price. The distance between cities explains a...