When a government considers a subsidy for an underdeveloped region, it has several options: the subsidies can be for … production or worker immigration. Under full employment, replacing the lump-sum subsidy with the other subsidies benefit (harm … the recipient and non-recipient regions, production and employment subsidies benefit, but a wage subsidy harms, the …

agricultural spending, but in the Russian agricultural budget the subsidies to individual producers prevail. While the prevalence … of the subsidies in the budget benefits the largest and most successful producers, this was part of the strategy to …

higher for the Western control group coun-tries than for the CEEC sample. EU innovation subsidies partly compensated the CEEC … funding of local governments at the country level, the subsidies crowded in national and local projects at the firm level …

the link between production-related subsidies and exports. We document that only a small fraction of enterprises is … subsidized, and that exports and subsidies are positively related. Using a matching approach to investigate the causal effect of … subsidies on export activities we find no impact of subsidies on the probability to start exporting, and only weak evidence for …