The present study examines the optimal recycling rate for municipal solid waste. First, an optimal control model is developed to describe the waste accumulation phenomenon. The physical costs of recycling, the social costs of landfilling, and consumers' environmental preferences are accounted...

Harmonisation of the instruments used in environmental policy has been considered necessary to guarantee fair competition in international markets. We investigate alternative policy measures for promoting paper recycling in seven European countries and present a theoretical framework for...