ideological differences in the effect of independent sector regulation on access to electricity and installed capacity. We find … negative impact from independent regulation on installed capacity in countries with leftwing governments while we find a …

could not find any evidence that (ownership) unbundling and incentive regulation affect R&D expenditures of the utilities. … of regulation on R&D investment. Nearing competition has a dampening effect on R&D spending, but once the market and …

. Recognising that regulation is itself costly, and that market contracting, ownership and regulation are partly substitutable forms … contracting, ownership and regulation than does state ownership. Regulation of customer-owned distribution (and transmission) is … ownership has evolved as an effective substitute for regulation. Policy implications are drawn …

The paper reviews the situation with regard to the electricity sector and the failure of policy and regulation. It … argues for direct subsidy and a market oriented unbundling of the sector to take the sector forward. It also brings out the …

; Minute Reserve Power ; Regulation ; Productive Efficiency ; Welfare …