Consumer protection shifts risks from consumers to businesses. This raises marginal costs and equilibrium prices. It is justified when markets are not strong enough to allocate contractual risks or accident risks efficiently, especially in cases of severe asymmetric information between suppliers...

The adoption of Artificial Intelligence is steadily increasing, but the underlying algorithms have become so complex that they are no longer transparent. The EU has introduced some modest AI transparency requirements as part of its General Data Protection Regulation. However, two years after...