An important ensemble of transnational, transgovernmental regulatory institutions has emerged in the forestry sector over the past decade. These forest certification programmes set global standards for proper forest management and apply them through institutionalized licensing and inspection...

This paper sets out the relevance of certification for the enforcement of transnational private regulation. It discusses the function of certification, offers a typology of certification schemes and analyses its relationship with regulatory enforcement. To illustrate these elements, the Chapter...

The following paper looks at transnational regulatory cooperation between public international organizations and private regulatory entities. The argument advanced is that regulators cooperate because in the undefined global space with an unclear and often inexistent hierarchical framework it is...

In June, 2007 the province of Ontario, Canada, released environmental penalties (EPs) regulations. EPs (or administrative penalties, as they are called in the US) are the environmental equivalent of speeding tickets for facilities that violate pollution laws. They are found in numerous...