We examine the impact of trading on markets partially exempt from National Market System requirements (‘dark venues') on equity market quality. We find evidence consistent with the notion that dark venues rely on their special features to segregate order flow based on asymmetric information...

Cryptocurrencies are among the largest unregulated markets in the world. We find that approximately one-quarter of bitcoin users are involved in illegal activity. We estimate that around $76 billion of illegal activity per year involves bitcoin (46% of bitcoin transactions), which is close to...

We use the introduction of a cost on high message to trade ratios for traders at the Oslo Stock Exchange to investigate the effects on market quality and fragmentation of introduction of such ``speed bumps'' to equity trading. The exchange introduced a fee payable by market participants whose...