The 2008 financial crisis exposed a longstanding problem in financial regulation: traditional regulatory strategies tend to be procyclical. That is, regulatory tools—most notably, bank capital requirements—incentivize excessive credit growth during economic expansions and insufficient...

The recent financial crisis demonstrated that, contrary to longstanding regulatory assumptions, nonbank financial firms — such as investment banks and insurance companies — can propagate systemic risk throughout the financial system. After the crisis, policymakers in the United States and...

After the 2008 financial crisis, policymakers developed two different approaches to systemic risk arising from insurance conglomerates and other nonbank financial firms. The first, dubbed an entity-based approach, empowers a public entity like the Financial Stability Board or Financial Stability...