This chapter focuses on the institutions of regulatory governance in the European Union (EU). It shows that regulation in the EU is a complex political process in which multiple actors interact across different levels of governance. Over the years such interaction has led to the build-up of...

The realization of the European Union's climate change and energy goals is said to require a shift towards a sustainable, competitive as well as secure energy system. This shift entails considerable uncertainties as regards the behavior of the multitude of actors involved, which are exacerbated;...

This paper compares the development of the institutions for regulation of the natural gas transportation systems in the United States and the European Union. Given the fact that these systems are technically similar, it addresses the question why regulatory institutions in the US and the EU have...