Worldwide, there are approximately 130 jurisdictions with competition laws. The governmental entities charged with enforcing these laws are typically called “competition agencies,” but many of these entities do things other than competition law. Of the 36 agencies listed in the Global...

Attention has become one of the most scarce—and therefore most valuable—assets in modern economies. Humans now trade vast amounts of attention each day in exchange for an ever-growing variety of digital products and services. The global coronavirus pandemic drastically accelerated the...

This paper takes a critical look at the explanatory value of "regulatory competition" as a term or idea in debate about law and legal systems. The paper's central contention is that it has only very limited usefulness, and is easily misused. It is an idea that has explanatory force in highly...

The main objective of this paper is to examine the role of regulation by formal and organizational institutions in restructuring and development of competitive and secure gas supply markets. The discussion focuses on relevant experiences in the U.S. and the EU pertaining to the implementation of...

The beginning of the twenty-first century saw an apparent change in language in public discourses characterised by the rise of so-called “essentially oxymoronic concepts”, i.e., mainly oxymora and paradoxes. In earlier times, these rhetorical figures of speech were largely reserved for the...

This contribution investigates the form and content of a new and updated European Union (EU) legal framework intended to regulate third-country import pipelines for gas, including the ‘upstream' component of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. The article will first set the scene and examine the...

The EU recently established new supranational financial supervision authorities — ESAs — capable of adopting binding supervisory decisions. The upgraded regulatory framework also inaugurated judicial review by a newly established Board of Appeal and the Court of Justice against these...

The process of regulating the flaring and venting of natural gas often creates an energy policy trilemma. One way of addressing the complexities created as a result is to consider the application of energy justice principles and industry best practices to resolve issues ex ante and ex post. This...

Pricing algorithms are rapidly transforming markets, from ride-sharing apps, to air travel, to online retail. Regulators and scholars have watched this development with a wary eye. Their focus so far has been on the potential for pricing algorithms to facilitate explicit and tacit collusion....