The concept of bull whip effect remains a critical issue in the supply chain of products in global market. A small variance in the demands of the downstream end-customers may cause dramatic variance in the procurement volumes of upstream suppliers via the bull whip effect under the condition...

The concept of bull whip effect remains a critical issue in the supply chain of products in global market. A small variance in the demands of the downstream end-customers may cause dramatic variance in the procurement volumes of upstream suppliers via the bull whip effect under the condition...