Based on environmental, legal, social, and economic factors, reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain issues have attracted attention among both academia and practitioners. This attention is evident by the vast number of publications in scientific journals which have been published in...

Due to growing economic environment and the introduction of new technologies in marketing, another topic of great interest to logistics today is the use of contract or third party services. In the complicated business world, the company is involved in reuse, recycling, and remanufacturing...