Is climate transition risk factored into sovereign bond markets? We find that carbon dioxide emissions, natural resources rents, and renewable energy consumption, as measures of transition risk, significantly impact yields and spreads. Countries with lower carbon emissions incur a lower...

We challenge the narrative that climate change transition risk is not being priced into sovereign bond markets. Climate change transition risk, as measured by carbon dioxide emissions, natural resources rents and renewable energy consumption, are factored into sovereign bond yields (and spreads)...

Mechanisms to incentivize divestment strategies, such as divestment schedules, are an important component of carbon reduction strategies. We find that the risk/return profile of divested S&P 500 portfolios is typically indifferent to divestment schedules, but instantaneous divestment benefits...

Mechanisms to develop divestment strategies are an essential component of carbon reduction strategies. The rate at which investors should divest has become a critical aspect of effective divestment, which has shifted from the periphery to a movement of over a thousand major investors, totaling...

Output fluctuations in nontraded sectors are a primary country-specific risk factor because nontraded outputs are consumed domestically. While nontraded sector growth risks are mostly non-diversifiable, they can be partially mitigated by international trades in other sectors. The mitigation...