Separating good and bad borrowers is a key role of banks. To do this, banks need monitoring systems and they need to monitor risky loans. We show that the investment in monitoring systems encourages risk taking, which leads to higher regulatory costs for the bank. This effect is so strong that...

This paper presents the shadow Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) of Ma (2011a) as an intertemporal equilibrium asset pricing model, and tests it empirically. In contrast to the classical CAPM - a single factor model based on a strong behavioral or distributional assumption, the shadow CAPM can...

This paper uses a unique household data set collected in Vietnam to empirically test the necessary conditions for an extended version of the consumption risk-sharing hypothesis. The test explicitly incorporates self-production and uses natural disasters such as avian influenza, droughts, and...