A new class of risk measures called cash sub-additive risk measures is introduced to assess the risk of future financial, nonfinancial and insurance positions. The debated cash additive axiom is relaxed into the cash sub-additive axiom to preserve the original difference between the numeraire of...

We investigate capital requirements based on Value at Risk (V@R) and Average Value at Risk (AV@R) when the bank's econometric model only approximately describes the true, unknown return generating process, as is often the case in practice. We provide a simple formula for such capital...