This paper compares the impacts of traditional one-way access obligations and the new regulatory scheme of co-investment … reduces the returns from investment, and second because in the presence of uncertainty it provides access seekers with an … option whose exercise hurts investors. Co-investment without access obligations leads to risk sharing and eliminates the …

This paper compares the impacts of traditional one‒way access obligations and the new regulatory scheme of co-investment … reduces the returns from investment, and second because in the presence of uncertainty it provides access seekers with an … option whose exercise hurts investors. Co-investment without access obligations leads to risk sharing and eliminates the …

that would limit operators from injecting intelligence into broadband Internet access networks. For a Network Neutrality …

In this paper, we study the impact of co-investment by incumbents and entrants on the roll-out of network …' investment incentives are reduced and total coverage can be lower than in a benchmark with earlier co-investment. We consider two … remedies to correct these distortions: (i) co-investment options purchased ex-ante by entrants from incumbents, and (ii) risk …

' investment in low carbon technologies. We develop a three period sequential model that combines the two sectors regulated by the … scheme and encompasses both irreversible and reversible investment possibilities for the firms. Additionally, we explicitly … endogenous price of permits. We find that uncertainty reduces irreversible investment and that the availability of both types of …

Government subsidies are often used to stimulate environment-friendly investment. We find that Chinese firms reduce … green investment as the uncertainty of subsidies rises. This effect is identified from weather-driven fluctuations in air … engage in less green R&D investment, patent applications, and research staff. Industries that are heavy emitters and those …

people. We review the ways in which researchers have used particular strategies to access hard-to-reach individuals and …\' access. In this paper we explore the possibilities for analysing relationships in terms of trust and distrust between … important to understanding the possibilities for trustful relationships, and for meaningful and successful access for …