Cross-border data transmission in the biomedical area is on the rise, which brings potential risks and management challenges to data security, biosafety, and national security. Focusing on cross-border data security assessment and risk management, many countries have successively issued relevant...

This paper examines the empirical question of whether systematic equity risk of U.S. firms as measured by beta from the Capital Asset Pricing Model reflects the risk of their pension plans. There are a number of reasons to suspect that it might not. Chief among them is the opaque set of...

Using Growth at Risk as a measure of downside growth risk, the authors find that higher perceived levels of downside growth risk seem to be negatively associated with long-term growth. Output collapses and crises are a fact of life. Severe economic downturns occur periodically and have grave...