Risk is a vital concept to grasp when investing in a firm or project. It is also a key ingredient required to evaluate the cost of capital and perform a valuation. An organization’s capital structure, specifically the amount of leverage and debt financing employed, must be accounted for to...

In this article we illustrate how to price bonds and calculate the accrued interest, clean- and dirty price, from which we can compute a bond invoice i.e., the present value for a given cash investment in the bond. We present the classical bond pricing formulae and show how to modify this...

We present Algorithmic Adjoint Differentiation (AAD), also known as Automatic Adjoint Differentiation, which computes the derivative(s) of computer code. In finance this leads to a relatively new and novel approach, pioneered by (Giles and Glasserman, 2006), to compute financial risks. When...