This paper empirically examines the income risks for Pacific Northwest apple growers, both conventional and organic. Current yield based apple production insurance, the Growers Yield Certification (GYC), and hypothesized revenue based insurance are also examined for their risk management effect...

The linear two-moment mean-variance (MV) model has been widely used in finance and economic decision analysis as an approximation of Von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility (EU) model. The introduction of third or higher moments not only can improve the accuracy of the approximation, but is...

Risk management strategies (market and insurance based) are evaluated for selected small grain producers in the Pacific Northwest using expected utility maximization. Equivalent variation (EV) compares alternative risk management portfolios to cash sales under specified restrictions and...