. We find evidence that ex-post access to labor opportunities decreases ex-ante risk-taking, while access to tax evasion … has no effect. Having both opportunities leads to lower risk-taking, but this effect is not statistically significant. We … risk rather than flexibility …

This paper examines whether risk-taking in a lottery depends on the opportunity to respond to the lottery outcome …/or extra labor effort. We find strong evidence that ex-post access to labor opportunities reduces ex-ante risk willingness … while access to tax evasion has no effect on risk behavior. We discuss possible explanations for this result based on the …

This paper examines whether risk-taking in a lottery depends on the opportunity to respond to the lottery outcome …/or extra labor effort. We find strong evidence that ex-post access to labor opportunities reduces ex-ante risk willingness … while access to tax evasion has no effect on risk behavior. We discuss possible explanations for this result based on the …

-cyclical, conservation, risk management payments, and off-farm work by beginning farm-operator households. …

labor-income risk can explain much of this risk-taking pattern. Uncontrollable labor-income risk stresses middle …, middle-income households reduce (controllable) financial risk. Richer households, having less pressure, can afford more risk …-taking. The poor take low risk because they avoid jeopardizing their subsistence consumption. …