Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a General Systems Theory (GST) risk management framework and conducts a preliminary investigation into its potential benefits. Design/methodology/approach – A risk management framework with four domains is developed by applying GST to...

The ‘knowledge city’ (‘KC’) enriches regional development with institutional and environmental domains. Its competitors in the new-economy regeneration discourse include the ‘creative’, ‘green’, ‘intelligent’ and ‘smart’ cities. All suggest planning foresight but...