Value at Risk (VaR) and stressed value at Risk (SVaR) or expected shortfall are important risk measures widely used in the financial services industry for risk management and market risk capital computation. Fundamental to any (S)VaR model is the choice of the return type model for each risk...

In this paper we introduce the displaced historical simulation model which is designed to handle negative and close-to-zero risk factors. This is an issue of recent and major interest to the financial sector, both from a regulatory and financial institutions perspective, especially in light of...