Over the past several decades, human life expectancy has been increasing rather consistently, driving concerns about longevity risk for pension plans and annuity providers. While extrapolative methods assume continued mortality declines, recent years have seen stagnation or even declines in life...

Longevity basis risk arises because different populations, or subpopulations, will inevitably experience different longevity outcomes. This is a significant issue for those wishing to hedge longevity risk using a published mortality index – whether they be pension schemes, insurers,...