Toll and its robber barons were things of the past, and should not exist any more, if not for a theory by Frank Knight. This paper disproves his net gain argument, and shows contrarily that toll inflicts immense external loss and functions like demolishing a good road. This paper also uses...

Walters applied a demand and supply model to collect toll for easing congestion. This paper proves that his model is a lame duck, one without a supply function. It then works out a wholesome traffic and congestion model, to offer some alternative methods to solve congestion. This paper also...

User toll means that drivers have to pay money to cover road cost, just like eaters pay money to cover food cost. This paper first shows that the U-shaped cost theory supports such toll, but the corresponding functions are neither demand nor supply. Then, it separates the U-shaped cost theory...

Given a capacity function, an increase in demand will lead to a higher equilibrium price. Some economists take the capacity equilibrium for congestion. This paper corrects such an understanding and shows that congestion should only mean excess demand. The correct understanding should lead to...

This paper proves that Lupton's toll theory is either ineffective, or counter-effective in solving congestion. Having clarified Lupton's confusion about capacity, this paper then proves that his theory is operative only in parking lots. Finally, this paper invokes Dupuit's original theory to...

This paper proves that Lupton's toll theory is futile. Lupton argues that if the cost of toll is greater than the benefit of using road, toll will reduce traffic and hence ease congestion. However, if cost is always equal to benefit, total cost must also be equal to total benefit. Then, no toll...

This paper proves that Lupton's toll-elmimate-congestion theory applies only to area beyond the road capacity, or to the backward bending area of the flow chart, and the corresponding toll must be negative

This paper proves that the Pigou-Knight road toll is measured from a wrong direction. Having changed the direction, this paper proves that Walters' traffic curve should be called the compensation curve. Road users with higher cost should receive compensation, just like delayed passengers obtain...

A.A. Walters derived a traffic flow function, and advocated toll to cure congestion. He wanted to save lives and monies, time is money, in congestion. NYC and Hong Kong have been practicing his policy for years, but surviving drivers are still tortured by congestion. Walters’ intention is...