This paper introduces the third update/release of the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB-R3). The GSDB-R3 extends the period of coverage from 1950-2019 to 1950-2022, which includes two special periods - COVID-19 and the war between Russia and Ukraine. The new update of the GSDB contains a total of...

Abstract: Daniel Drezner’s 1999 book The Sanctions Paradox used case studies from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s to test his game-theoretic model—the Conflict Expectations Model--of sanctions behavior. The model purports to help predict whether or not a “sender” will resort to...

The emancipation of the serfs is often viewed as watershed moment in 19th-century Russian history. However, this reform was accompanied by numerous others measures aimed at modernizing the Tsarist economy and society. Among these "Great Reforms" was the creation of a new institution of local...

Soon after his inauguration as President of Russia, Vladimir Putin signed a number of edicts where he specified the tasks, aims and methods of upgrading Russia’s social and economic development in every sphere, including the planning of further military development in this country. Quite...

South-Eastern European (SEE) countries are typically keen to maintain the status quo in their energy systems, generally characterized by underinvestment, high coal share and utility affordability needs. Their energy mixes have historically been determined by external factors, currently mainly...

This article examines the view that sanctions should be imposed on Russia because of its involvement with Crimea. Applying sanctions fails the utilitarian ethics test because sanctions result in more losers than winners. The result would be a negative-sum game. Sanctions fail the rights test...

This article examines the view that sanctions should be imposed on Russia because of its involvement with Crimea. Applying sanctions fails the utilitarian ethics test because sanctions result in more losers than winners. The result would be a negative-sum game. Sanctions fail the rights test...

Even before the war in Ukraine of 2022 and even before the ‘Russian-hackers-undermine-US-democracy’ campaign of 2016, Russian-American relations had degraded to a level not seen since the 1950s. Why? Today the US has fewer ideological disagreements with Russia than it had with the USSR...

• Russia is a pill Europe cannot swallow nor can spill; exit costs from Russian trade and foreign relations will have long lasting and adverse effects on businesses and trade globally.• The factors discussed in this article indicate the economic war in Europe. Greece bail out or not, Russia...