The international conflict over the events in Ukraine led to the application of unilateral restrictive measures by the parties involved the European Union, the United States and the Russian Federation all of which are World Trade Organization (WTO) members and permanent members of the UN...

With the rise of geopolitical tensions among the leading state actors, the Chinese citizens and companies are increasingly targeted by the unilateral restrictive measures. These frequently include the so-called secondary sanctions, i.e. penalties imposed on third parties for failing to comply...