We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between … the time of the election. We exploit this variation to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclave on conflict. We … find that an increase of one standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict …

We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between … the time of the election.We exploit this variation to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclave on conflict. We find … that an increase of one standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict by …

relationship lending, and rents that accrue due to the elimination of competition among multiple lenders. We find the relationship … against hold-up. -- Banking Competition ; Coordination ; Distress ; Credit Spread ; Hold-up …

from the Rose [2004] dataset, the ITERATE dataset for terrorist events, and datasets of external and internal conflict. We … of terrorism, as well as internal and external conflict is equivalent to as much as a 30 percent tariff on trade. This is …

, and across time, how individuals, households and communities are affected by violent conflict. The report provides an … data-bases used to operationalize the variables of interest and discuss the channels linking violent conflict to individual … variables that allow researchers to analyze the welfare effects of violent conflict across countries and across time. We develop …