This study develops a method that uses surveys of company managers to measure the size of a shadow economy. Our method is based on the premise that company managers are the most likely to know how much business income and wages go unreported due to their unique position in dealing with both of...

This report presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in Moldova and Romania during the years 2015-2016. The estimates are based on surveys of entrepreneurs in both countries, following the method of Putniņš and Sauka (2015). The components of the shadow economy captured by this...

The aim of the Shadow Economy Index for the Baltic countries is to measure the size of the shadow economies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, as well as to explore the main factors that influence participation in the shadow economy. We use the term “shadow economy” to refer to all legal...